Total Caloric and Fat Intakes in Different Populations Data from the United States Department of Agriculture on dietary intake of individuals of 11–18 years of age revealed a considerable shift in the adolescent diet from 1965 to 1996: Total energy intake decreased as did the proportion of energy from total fat (39–32%) and saturated fat (15–12%). Concurrent increases occurred in the consumption of higher fat potatoes and mixed dishes (e.g. pizza). Lower fat milk products replaced higher fat milk products and the total milk consumption decreased. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in consumption of non-citrus juices and soft drinks [66].
Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) and earlier national surveys in the USA also failed to show an increase of the mean energy intake from the 1970s to 1988–1994 except for an increase among adolescent females. Over the same time period, the mean percentage of energy from total and saturated fat decreased, but remained above recommendations, with overall means of 33.5% of energy from fat and 12.2% of energy from saturated fat [67]. The German DONALD study (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed study) revealed no significant changes in intakes of energy and of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids and added sugars in 2- to 18-year-old subjects between 1985 and 2000. Fat intake decreased significantly in all age groups, as well as intake of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. This decline was compensated by a significant increase in carbohydrate intake. The changes in macronutrient intake were mainly due to a decreased consumption of fat, oil, meat, fish and eggs, whereas consumption of bread, cereals, potatoes, pasta and rice increased slightly. Despite these improvements in the diet, the fat intake and fatty acid composition were still higher than recommended [68]. In contrast, a nationwide nutritional survey conducted 1984 in Spain demonstrated that the average nationwide fat intake was 42% of energy. In the 1990s, some surveys were conducted at a regional or local level. Children aged 6–10 years had a total fat intake ranged from 38 to 48% of energy. In children aged 11–14 years the total fat intake ranged from 41 to 51% of energy. This reflects an increasing total fat consumption in children in Spain, especially of saturated and monounsaturated fat. Brazil as a rapidly developing country is of particular interest in this context: A family budget survey carried out in 1996 in Brazil provides data on the secular trends of dietary patterns of the Brazilian population living in metropolitan areas since 1962. The survey revealed an increase in the diet’s lipid content in less-developed regions and of saturated fat in the country as a whole. A reduction of foods with a high total lipid content was found only in more developed regions. These changes may indicate a growing awareness of this population toward a healthier diet. But still a further increase in the excessive sugar consumption was observed, associated with a decrease or even no consumption of beans, vegetables, fruits and complex carbohydrates [69].
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