Formula Feeding
Several studies indicated that breast-feeding has a positive effect on regulation of food intake in childhood. This seems to work on a behavioral level as well as by metabolic effects. In a study performed in two German cities, breastfed children were substantially less likely to be overweight at 9–10 years (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52–0.87) after adjustment for age, sex, region, nationality, socio-economic status, number of siblings, parental smoking [86]. Further data have been generated in a Scottish and another German study that strengthen the hypothesis [87, 88]. Also, in children in the Czech Republic the overall prevalence of overweight/ obesity was lower in breast-fed children: ever breast-fed (9.3/3.2%) compared with never breast-fed (12.4/4.4%). The effect of breast-feeding on overweight/ obesity did not diminish with age in children 6–14 years old and could not be explained by parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, high birth weight, watching television, number of siblings, and physical activity. Adjusted odds ratios for breast-feeding were for overweight 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.90) and for obesity 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66–0.96) [89].
Several studies indicated that breast-feeding has a positive effect on regulation of food intake in childhood. This seems to work on a behavioral level as well as by metabolic effects. In a study performed in two German cities, breastfed children were substantially less likely to be overweight at 9–10 years (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.52–0.87) after adjustment for age, sex, region, nationality, socio-economic status, number of siblings, parental smoking [86]. Further data have been generated in a Scottish and another German study that strengthen the hypothesis [87, 88]. Also, in children in the Czech Republic the overall prevalence of overweight/ obesity was lower in breast-fed children: ever breast-fed (9.3/3.2%) compared with never breast-fed (12.4/4.4%). The effect of breast-feeding on overweight/ obesity did not diminish with age in children 6–14 years old and could not be explained by parental education, parental obesity, maternal smoking, high birth weight, watching television, number of siblings, and physical activity. Adjusted odds ratios for breast-feeding were for overweight 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71–0.90) and for obesity 0.80 (95% CI, 0.66–0.96) [89].
Essentials
• Twin studies underline the importance of genetic factors for the etiology of obesity.
• The so far identified genetic entities of excessive obesity account for only a minority of cases of obese children. Behavioral changes are more likely to be responsible for the epidemic dimension of the obesity issue.
• Changes in the average nutritional intake with a decrease in the fat and energy intake and an increase of soft drink consumption do not provide a plausible explanation for the obesity epidemic. The increase in consumption of electronic media and the decrease in physical activity in children, the key elements of a sedentary life style, might contribute to the causes of the obesity epidemic.
• The increased prevalence of smoking of women in childbearing age might
contribute to the causes of the epidemic of childhood adiposity.
• Twin studies underline the importance of genetic factors for the etiology of obesity.
• The so far identified genetic entities of excessive obesity account for only a minority of cases of obese children. Behavioral changes are more likely to be responsible for the epidemic dimension of the obesity issue.
• Changes in the average nutritional intake with a decrease in the fat and energy intake and an increase of soft drink consumption do not provide a plausible explanation for the obesity epidemic. The increase in consumption of electronic media and the decrease in physical activity in children, the key elements of a sedentary life style, might contribute to the causes of the obesity epidemic.
• The increased prevalence of smoking of women in childbearing age might
contribute to the causes of the epidemic of childhood adiposity.
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