1 Power C, Lake JK, Cole TJ: Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness.
Int J Obes 1997;21:507–526.
2 Dietz WH: Health consequences of obesity in youth: Childhood predictors of adult disease.
Pediatrics 1998;101(suppl):518s–525s.
3 Kiess W, Galler A, Reich A, Muller G, Kapellen T, Deutscher J, Raile K, Kratzsch J: Clinical
aspects of obesity in childhood and adolescence. Obes Rev 2001;2:29–36.
4 Berenson GS (ed): Causation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood. New York, Raven
Press, 1986.
5 Freedman DS, Srinivasan SR, Valdez RA, Williamson DF, Berenson GS: Secular increases in
relative weight and adiposity among children over two decades: The Bogalusa Heart Study.
Pediatrics 1997;99:420–425.
6 Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH: Establishing a standard definition for child overweight
and obesity worldwide: International survey. BMJ 2000;320:1240–1243.
7 Ogden CL, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, et al: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000
growth charts for the United States: Improvements to the 1977 National Center for Health
Statistics version. Pediatrics 2002;109:45–60.
8 Seidell JC: Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes – a worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr 2000;
83(suppl 1):S5–S8.
9 Freedman DS, Dietz W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: The relation of overweight to cardiovascular
risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999;103:
1175–1182.
10Seidell JC, Bouchard C: Visceral fat in relation to health: Is it a major culprit or simply an innocent
bystander. Int J Obes 1997;21:626–631.
11 Csabi G, Torok K, Jeges S, Molnar D: Presence of metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese
children. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159:91–94.
12 Berenson GS, Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Newman WP, Tracy RE, Wattigney WA: Association
between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The
Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1650–1656.
Flegal KM, Troiano RP: Changes in the distribution of body mass index of adults and children in
the US population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000;24:807–818.
14 Livingstone MB: Childhood obesity in Europe: A growing concern. Public Health Nutr 2001;4:
109–116.
15 Dabelea D, Pettitt DJ, Jones KL, Arslanian SA: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in minority children and
adolescents: An emerging problem. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 1999;28:709–729.
16 Fagot-Campagna A, Pettitt DJ, Engelgau MM, et al: Type 2 diabetes among North American children
and adolescents: An epidemiologic review and a public health perspective. J Pediatr 2000;
136:664–672.
17 Misra A: Risk factors for atherosclerosis in young individuals. J Cardiovasc Risk 2000;7:215–229.
18 Daniels SR: Cardiovascular disease risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and adolescents.
Curr Atheroscler Rep 2001;3:479–485.
19 Freedman DS, Bowman BA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: The distribution and correlates of highdensity
lipoprotein subclasses among children and adolescents. Metabolism 2001;50:370–376.
20Rosenson RS, Otvos JD, Freedman DS: Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density
lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the Pravastatin Limitation of
Atherosclerosis in the Coronary Arteries (PLAC-I) Trial. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:89–94.
21 Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T: Do obese children
become obese adults? A review of the literature. Prev Med 1993;22:67–77.
22 Parsons TJ, Power C, Logan S, Summerbell CD: Childhood predictors of adult obesity: A systematic
review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999;23(suppl 8):S1–S107.
23 Freedman DS, Serdula MK, Khan LK: The adult health consequences of childhood obesity; in
Chen C, Dietz WH (eds): Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence, Nestle Nutrition Workshop
Series, Pediatric Program. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, vol 49, pp 63–82.
24 Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS: Relation of childhood obesity
to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood. Pediatrics 2001;108:712–718.
25 Srinivasan SR, Bao W, Wattigney WA, Berenson GS: Adolescent overweight is associated with
adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: The Bogalusa Heart Study.
Metabolism 1996;45:235–240.
26 Borkan GA, Sparrow D, Wisniewski C, Vokonas PS: Body weight and coronary disease risk:
Patterns of risk factor change associated with long-term weight change. The Normative Aging
Study. Am J Epidemiol 1986;124:410–419.
27 Napoli C, D’Armiento FP, Mancini FP, et al: Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas
and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia: Intimal accumulation of low density
lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin
Invest 1997;100:2680–2690.
28 McGill HC Jr, McMahan CA, Herderick EE, Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Tracy RE, Strong JP:
Obesity accelerates the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in young men. Circulation 2002;
105:2712–2718.
29 Touboul PJ, Mearis SP: Carotid artery intima-media thickness; in Hennerici MG, Meairs SP (eds):
Cerebrovascular Ultrasound. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp 152–161.
30Spence JD: Ultrasound measurement of carotid plaque as a surrogate outcome for coronary artery
disease. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:10B–15B.
31 Espeland MA, Tang R, Terry JG, Davis DH, Mercuri M, Crouse JR III: Associations of risk factors
with segment-specific intimal-medial thickness of the extracranial carotid artery. Stroke 1999;30:
1047–1055.
32 Hodis HN, Mack WJ: Atherosclerosis imaging methods: Assessing cardiovascular disease and evaluating
the role of estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(suppl):19E–27E.
33 Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE: Common carotid intima-media thickness
and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study. Circulation 1997;96:1432–1437.
34 Mavri A, Stegnar M, Sentocnik JT, Videcnik V: Impact of weight reduction on early carotid atherosclerosis
in obese premenopausal women. Obes Res 2001;9:511–516.
35 Pauciullo P, Iannuzzi A, Sartorio R, Irace C, Covetti G, Di Costanzo A, Rubba P: Increased intimamedia
thickness of the common carotid artery in hypercholesterolemic children. Arterioscler
Thromb 1994;14:1075–1079.
Lavrencic A, Kosmina B, Keber I, Videcnik V, Keber D: Carotid intima-media thickness in young
patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Heart 1996;76:321–325.
37 Tonstad S, Joakimsen O, Stensland-Bugge E, et al: Risk factors related to carotid intimamedia
thickness and plaque in children with familial hypercholesterolemia and control subjects.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:984–991.
38 Jarvisalo MJ, Putto-Laurila A, Jartti L, Lehtimaki T, Solakivi T, Ronnemaa T, Raitakari OT: Carotid
artery intima-media thickness in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:493–498.
39 Sass C, Herbeth B, Chapet O, et al: Intima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral
arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: Effect of age, sex, anthropometry
and blood pressure. J Hypertens 1998;16:1593–1602.
40T ounian P, Aggoun Y, Dubern B, Varille V, Guy-Grand B, Sidi D, Girardet JP, Bonnet D: Presence
of increased stiffness of the common carotid artery and endothelial dysfunction in severely obese
children: A prospective study. Lancet 2001;358:1400–1404.
41 Davis PH, Dawson JD, Riley WA, Lauer RM: Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular
risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: The Muscatine Study.
Circulation 2001;104:2815–2819.
42 Mahoney LT, Burns TL, Stanford W, Thompson BH, Witt JD, Rost CA, Lauer RM: Coronary risk
factors measured in childhood and young adult life are associated with coronary artery calcification
in young adults: The Muscatine Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:77–84.
43 Bharati S, Lev M: Cardiac conduction system involvement in sudden death of obese young people.
Am Heart J 1995;129:273–281.
44 Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL: Chronic disease in former college students: The effects of single and
multiple characteristics on risk of fatal coronary heart disease. Am J Epidemiol 1969;90:27–35.
45 Abraham S, Collins G, Nordsieck M: Relationship of childhood weight status to morbidity in
adults. HSMHA Health Reports 1971;86:273–284.
46 Hoffmans MD, Kromhout D, Coulander CD: Body Mass Index at the age of 18 and its effects on
32-year-mortality from coronary heart disease and cancer: A nested case-control study among the
entire 1932 Dutch male birth cohort. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42:513–520.
47 Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH: Long-term morbidity and mortality of
overweight adolescents: A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med
1992;327:1350–1355.
48 Gunnell DJ, Frankel SJ, Nanchahal K, Peters TJ, Smith GD: Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular
mortality: A 57-y follow-up study based on the Boyd Orr cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;7:
1111–1118.
49 Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al: Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease
in women: Risk within the ‘normal’ weight range. JAMA 1995;273:461–465.
50Y arnell JW, Patterson CC, Thomas HF, Sweetnam PM: Comparison of weight in middle age,
weight at 18 years, and weight change between, in predicting subsequent 14 year mortality and
coronary events: Caerphilly Prospective Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000;54:344–348.
51 Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Thun MJ, Wood JL: The effect of age on the association
between body-mass index and mortality. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1–7.
0 komentar:
Posting Komentar