Obesity-related morbidities have also been observed in children, though to a lesser extent than in adults. The insulin resistance syndrome has already been described for children of 5 years of age [44, 45]. In a study in Ohio [46] type 2 diabetes accounted for 33% of all cases of diabetes among African Americans and whites aged 10–19 years with a predominance of girls; most of them were obese, had a family history of type 2 diabetes, and belonged to minority populations. Further comorbidities of adiposity in children are dyslipidemia, hypertension, chronic inflammatory status, hemostatic disorders, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, orthopedic problems like slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and tibia vara (Blount’s disease), and pulmonary problems [47–53]. A strong association of overweight and obesity with asthma was found in 5- and 6-yearold girls [54]. This finding is supported by other studies in adults and adolescents [55–58]. The excess in the prevalence of asthma in obese children is not related to an increase in atopic sensitization but rather a consequence of reduced airways calibers due to thickening of the chest wall because of fat deposition. Obese children and adolescents are more likely to have problems to find a place in the society which matches with their abilities. Gortmaker et al. [59] performed a follow-up study on 370 obese persons aged 16–24. Seven years later, women who had been overweight had completed fewer years of school, were less likely to be married, had lower household incomes, and had higher rates of household poverty than the women who had not been overweight. Men who had been overweight were less likely to be married. These results were controlled for confounders like socio-economic origin and ability. An effect of overweight on self-esteem was not found. Similar results were obtained in a cross sectional study on draftees in Denmark. At each level of education and intelligence test score the obese subjects showed a significantly lower attainment of social class than the controls. Inclusion of parental social class did not eliminate the difference in attainment of social class [60]. Therefore, a low socio-economic status in obese persons is more likely to be the consequence than the cause of obesity.
Essentials
• Obesity in childhood is a moderate predictor for obesity in adulthood.
• Obesity may already account for morbidities in childhood and adolescence.
• Obesity may interfere with the attainment of a socio-economic status which matches the individual’s abilities.
• Obesity in childhood is a moderate predictor for obesity in adulthood.
• Obesity may already account for morbidities in childhood and adolescence.
• Obesity may interfere with the attainment of a socio-economic status which matches the individual’s abilities.
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