The Children’s Depression Inventory [4] is a 27-item, self-report measure and takes about 10 minutes
to complete. It is the most often used measure for child depression and is appropriate for use in
children and adolescents 7 to 17 years old. The individual is asked to select the statement that best
describes his or her feelings during the last 2 weeks. For each item, the child has three possible
answers: 0 = absence of symptoms, 1 = mild symptoms, and 2 = definite symptoms. A total score
and five scaled scores are generated for negative mood, interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness,
anhedonia, and negative self-esteem. A clinical cutoff score has been established to facilitate referral
to a mental health professional when necessary. Hand and computer scoring are available.
The normative sample included 1266 public school students (592 boys, 674 girls). Twenty-three
percent of the participants were African-American, American Indian, or Hispanic in origin. Twenty
percent of the children came from single-parent homes. In addition, the normative sample used for
scoring the Children’s Depression Inventory was divided into groups based on age (ages 6 to 11, 12
to 17) and gender. The internal consistency coefficients of the Children’s Depression Inventory range
from .71 to .89. Test–retest reliability coefficients (2 to 3-week time interval) range from .74 to .83.
REYNOLDS ADOLESCENT DEPRESSION SCALE 2
The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale 2 (RADS-2) [5,6] is a less frequently used adolescent selfreport
measure that consists of 30 items, rated on a 4-point scale, which takes 5 to 10 minutes to
complete. The RADS-2 yields five scores: overall depression, demoralization, worry and despondency,
somatic, and anhedonia. The RADS-2 is hand scored using a single scoring template. Internal consistency
coefficients for grades 7 to 12 range from .91 to .94. The RADS-2 has a total sample alpha
reliability of .92 and a split half reliability of .91. Test–retest coefficients of .80 and .79 are reported.
SELF-ESTEEM
PIERS–HARRIS CHILDREN’S SELF CONCEPT SCALE, SECOND EDITION
The Piers–Harris Children’s Self Concept Scale 2 [7–9] is the most widely used measure to date
of children and adolescent self-esteem. It is a revised version of the 80-item scale developed in
1969. It is appropriate for use with 7 to 18 year olds, and consists of 60 yes or no items. The
measure is designed to evaluate the child’s psychological health on the basis of their perceptions
and takes 10 to 15 minutes to complete. A total score and six subscale scores for physical appearance
and attributes, freedom from anxiety, intellectual and school status, behavior adjustment, happiness
and satisfaction, and popularity are generated.
The Piers-Harris-2 has new, nationally representative norms, which are based on a sample of
1387 students, ages 7 to 18 years, from across the United States. Because the revised scales remain
psychometrically equivalent to the original scales, results from the Piers–Harris 2 can be compared
with those obtained using the original test. Computer scoring and interpretation are available, as
is a Spanish version of the scale.
SELF-PERCEPTION PROFILE FOR CHILDREN
The Self-Perception Profile for Children [10] is a less frequently used, 36-item self-report scale.
A global self-worth score and five domain scores — scholastic competence, social acceptance,
athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct — are generated. The manual
on the Self-Perception Profile for Children is a revised version of the Perceived Competence Scale
for Children. The reported internal reliability of subscales is (r = .73 to .86), and 9-month test–retest
reliability is r = .8.
ANXIETY
STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY FOR CHILDREN
The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) [11] is composed of separate, self-report
scales for measuring two distinct anxiety concepts: state anxiety (S-Anxiety) and trait anxiety
(T-Anxiety). It is designed for use by 9 to 12 year olds. The STAIC requires about 10 minutes to
complete each scale, and children respond to items on a 3-point rating scale. The STAIC S-Anxiety
scale consists of 20 statements that ask children how they feel at a particular moment in time. The
S-Anxiety scale is designed to measure transitory anxiety; that is, subjective feelings of apprehension,
tension, and worry that vary in intensity and fluctuate over time. The STAIC T-Anxiety scale
also consists of 20 items, but children respond to these items by indicating how they generally feel.
The T-Anxiety scale measures more stable individual differences in anxiety proneness.
The normative group consisted of two large samples of fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade elementary
school children from six different schools.
MEASURES OF EATING DISORDERS
THE KIDS’ EATING DISORDER SURVEY
The Kids’ Eating Disorder Survey [12] is a 14-item self-report inventory of eating disorder attitudes
and behaviors. The instrument has been shown to have a 4-month test–retest reliability of r = 0.83 and
an internal consistency of Cronbach’s α = 0.73 in a sample of 1883 fifth- through eighth-grade students.
Children are asked to respond “yes”, “no”, or “I don’t know” to questions concerning five attitudes
and behaviors: desire to lose weight (Do you want to lose weight now?), feeling fat (Have you ever
thought that you looked fat to other people?), fear of gaining weight (Have you ever been afraid to eat
because you thought you would gain weight?), dieting to lose weight (Have you ever tried to lose
weight by dieting?), and fasting to lose weight (Have you ever tried to lose weight by fasting?).
THE EATING DISORDER INVENTORY
The Eating Disorder Inventory [13,14] is a commonly used, standardized, self-report screening
instrument for the assessment of specific eating attitudes and behavior commonly associated with
anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. It is a revised version of the original measure published in
1984. The original 64 items were retained and are grouped into eight scales (drive for thinness,
bulimia, body dissatisfaction, ineffectiveness, perfectionism, interpersonal distrust, interoceptive
awareness, and maturity fears). Twenty-seven new items were added into three provisional scales
of asceticism, impulse regulation, and social insecurity.
Internal consistency reliability of the Eating Disorder Inventory 2 scales range between .44 and
.93, and test–retest reliability at 1-week ranges from .79 to .95 (for all subscales except interoceptive
awareness). Reliability and construct, convergent, and discriminant validity have been demonstrated
for the Eating Disorder Inventory, which has included use with adolescent populations.
THE EATING ATTITUDES TEST
The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) [15,16] is a widely used, standardized, self-report, 20-item
screening measure adapted from the original 40-item test developed in 1979. The EAT-26 assesses
a broad range of symptoms and provides a total score for disturbed eating attitudes and behavior
in adolescents. The EAT-26 has acceptable criterion-related validity by significantly predicting
group membership. The reliability (internal consistency) of the EAT-26 was reportedly high (α =
0.90) for an anorexia nervosa group. Total scores on the EAT-26 are derived as a sum of all items,
ranging from 0 to 78. Scores that are greater than or equal to 20 on the EAT-26 are frequently
associated with abnormal eating attitudes and behavior and may identify those with an eating
disorder. The EAT-26 manual clarifies that although a score of 20 or higher is a cause of concern,
it does not necessarily mean that a life-threatening condition exists. As such, individuals scoring
20 or higher on this test are encouraged to seek the advice of a qualified mental health professional
who has experience with treating eating disorders.
THE DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY FOR EATING DISORDERS
The Diagnostic Survey for Eating Disorders (DSED) [17] is a self-report questionnaire that allows
for the quantification of the frequency of disturbed eating behaviors. The DSED was not developed
as a standardized, scaled instrument but, instead, provides a format for the collection of information
about eating and purging behaviors. Despite having been widely used, the reliability of the DSED
has not been reported, mainly because the self-reported eating and purging behaviors that are
assessed appear to be somewhat changeable over time.
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